Visual analysis of urban form is a qualitative method used to understand the spatial structure, morphology, and experiential qualities of cities through observation, interpretation, and representation. It predates computational morphometrics and remains essential for framing and interpreting quantitative results.
1. Visual composition of traditional urban form analysis
Traditional visual urban form analysis focuses on recognisable physical elements and their spatial relationships, typically including:
Streets and networks: alignment, hierarchy, connectivity, continuity, enclosure
Plots and parcels: size, subdivision pattern, regularity, frontage
Buildings: height, massing, typology, orientation, rhythm
Blocks: permeability, compactness, grain (fine vs coarse)
Open spaces: squares, courtyards, setbacks, void–solid balance
Visually, these are analysed using:
Figure–ground diagrams (solid–void relationships)
Street sections and elevations
Block and plot diagrams
Axial or route-based sketches
Comparative typological drawings
The emphasis is on form, proportion, pattern, and continuity, rather than numerical measurement.
2. Combined analysis of multiple urban elements (e.g., buildings + streets)
When multiple elements are analysed together, traditional qualitative analysis moves from objects to relationships and systems. This combined analysis typically includes:
a. Street–building relationship
Degree of enclosure (street canyon effect)
Building frontage continuity vs setbacks
Active vs inactive edges
Human scale and visual comfort
b. Plot–building interaction
How plot structure governs building form
Incremental vs planned development logic
Adaptability of built form over time
c. Block–street permeability
Frequency of intersections and access points
Public–private transitions
Walkability and movement experience
d. Solid–void balance
Urban density perceived visually, not just numerically
Spatial rhythm of built mass and open space
Legibility and spatial hierarchy
e. Temporal layering
Historical persistence and transformation
Morphological continuity despite functional change
This integrative reading is often described as morphological reasoning—understanding why a form exists and how it performs socially and spatially.
Why this matters alongside morphometrics
Quantitative morphometrics measure how much, how dense, how connected, but visual analysis explains:
Why certain patterns work or fail
How form is perceived and experienced
What relationships numbers alone cannot capture
In practice, visual analysis:
Guides variable selection for quantitative studies
Helps interpret statistical results meaningfully
Prevents over-reliance on abstract indicators
In short
Visual analysis of urban form is about seeing cities as relational spatial systems, not just collections of measurable units. It provides the conceptual and interpretive foundation upon which robust quantitative urban form analysis is built.
